Effect of Temperature and Wind on Metabolism of Northern Bobwhite in Winter
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) are widely distributed across more than half of the United States, and extending into Canada and Mexico. Within this distribution they tolerate a wide range of climatic conditions and thermal stress. Annual variation in weather can produce dramatic short-term population fluctuations, particularly in the northern portion of the distribution. To better understand effects of thermal stress on energy requirements of bobwhite, we measured roosting metabolic response to cold stress and wind speed using open respirometry in a closed-circuit wind tunnel. Oxygen consumption was measured for 8 winter-acclimated captive bobwhites at each of 8 temperatures (-15°, -10°, -5°, 0°, 5°, 10°, 20°, and 30° C) at free convection and at 3 wind speeds (0, 1, and 2 m/sec) at -15° and 0° C. Over the range of body mass we measured (201.5 ± 1.3 g, n = 64), metabolic rate varied with body mass (P < 0.001) but did not differ between sexes (P = 0.187). Mean standard metabolic rate (V02) was 3.4 ± 0.11 mL O2/minute/bird (0.0171 ± 0.0004 mL O2/ min/g) or 1.14 ± 0.04 W/bird. Below a lower critical temperature of 24.1° C, metabolic rate was linearly related to operative temperature (Te)(V02 = 7.187 - 0.1568[Te]; r2 = 0.86, P < 0.001). Metabolic rate (M–E) was linearly related to wind speed (WS) at -15° C (V02 = 9.741 + 0.4609[WS]; r2 = 0.99, P = 0.001) and 0° C (V02 = 6.713 + 0.4609[WS]; r2 = 0.99, P = 0.001). We discuss implications of these energy expenditures in the context of current research and management.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".