Management of western bean cutworm Striacosta albicosta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and mycotoxins in Ontario maize
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Western bean cutworm, Striacosta albicosta (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a pest of maize, Zea mays (L.), that has recently established in Ontario, Canada following a range expansion from the western United States. In addition to yield loss, ear feeding by S. albicosta was expected to exacerbate infection of mycotoxigenic fungi in maize grain, especially in southern Ontario where environmental conditions frequently favour infection of maize by Fusarium spp. The objective of this research was to determine effective management strategies for S. albicosta in Ontario. Specifically, the efficacy of Cry1F Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic maize was evaluated for control of S. albicosta injury in field experiments from 2011-2015, and the susceptibility of Ontario field-collected S. albicosta to Cry1F was investigated using laboratory concentration-response bioassays. Non-Bt and Bt (Cry1F and Vip3A × Cry1Ab) maize hybrids in combination with insecticides and fungicides were evaluated for control of S. albicosta injury and accumulation of mycotoxins, particularly, deoxynivalenol (DON), under natural field infestation conditions from 2011-2014. The most effective application timing of pesticides was also investigated. Lastly, the relationship between S. albicosta injury and DON accumulation in maize was investigated based on field experiments in 2012-2014. A simple calculation for estimating the risk of F. graminearum infection during the silking and insect feeding periods was used to develop parameters to describe the relationship between S. albicosta injury and DON accumulation using multiple regression analysis. The results of this research provide evidence for field-evolved resistance to Cry1F within Ontario populations of S. albicosta and confirm the lack of efficacy of Cry1F-expressing hybrids for control of S. albicosta. Excellent control of S. albicosta injury was achieved with the Vip3A event and control of non-Bt and Cry1F maize was improved with insecticide application; however, low levels of DON were observed regardless of Bt event. A combined application of insecticide and fungicide at the full silking stage is recommended for maize hybrids lacking tolerance to F. graminearum infection. Lastly, these results confirm that injury by S. albicosta can increase the risk of DON accumulation in maize grain in Ontario; however, hybrid tolerance to F. graminearum and environmental conditions are predominant factors in DON accumulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".