Combined Spinal and Caudal Epidural Anesthesia for Prolonged Surgical Procedures in Pediatric-Aged Patients: A Report of Two Cases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With emerging evidence that specific anesthetic agents may affect neurocognitive outcomes, there has been renewed interest in the applications of spinal anesthesia in neonates and infants. Because of its short duration of action, spinal anesthesia in infants is generally limited to procedures lasting less than 70 - 75 min. To avoid this limitation, we report a technique combining spinal and caudal epidural anesthesia. We present two infants in whom this technique was used to provide surgical anesthesia (without general anesthesia or airway manipulation) for two cases lasting more than 90 min. The technique used is presented, its applications discussed, and previous reports reviewed. J Med Cases. 2018;9(2):64-67 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc2994w
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.025 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".