Streaming Urea Ammonium Nitrate with or without Enhanced Efficiency Products Impacted Corn Yields, Ammonia, and Nitrous Oxide Emissions
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Core Ideas Streaming urea ammonium nitrate resulted in 11% lower corn yields compared to injected urea ammonium nitrate. Ammonia volatilization (NH 3 ) begins immediately after application for streaming urea ammonium nitrate. In 2015–2016, NH 3 loss was 3.6 fold greater for streaming urea ammonium nitrate compared to injected urea ammonium nitrate. Urease and nitrification inhibitors did not increase corn yields with streaming urea ammonium nitrate. Streaming urea ammonium nitrate with a urease inhibitor increased N 2 O emissions by 18.7%. Surface streaming urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) into corn ( Zea mays L.) at side‐dress (v4–v6) or later in the season (v12–v14) is an emerging N fertilizer application method as it is rapid, reduces soil disturbance, and allows for flexible application times. In 2013 and 2014, side‐dress N application (130 kg N ha −1 ) using three streaming UAN sources was evaluated for their ability to maintain grain yield, reduce ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization, and mitigate nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions. The products included streaming of urea ammonium nitrate (StrUAN), urea ammonium nitrate with a urease inhibitor (StrUAN‐UI), urea ammonium nitrate with urease inhibitor plus nitrification inhibitor (StrUAN‐UI+NI), and a control (no N). The efficacy of streaming relative to traditional shallow‐injected urea ammonium nitrate (InjUAN) was also assessed. Delayed NH 3 sampling related to wind‐tunnel installation in 2013 and 2014 led to additional NH 3 measurements in 2015 and 2016. Average yields from StrUAN were 11% lower relative to InjUAN. The use of inhibitors did not improve yields relative to StrUAN. Ammonia volatilization was not significantly different between StrUAN and InjUAN losing 14 and 20% of applied N (2‐yr average), respectively. However in 2015 and 2016, NH 3 volatilization from StrUAN was 3.6‐fold greater than InjUAN when measurements were started immediately after application. Hence lower yields in 2013 and 2014 from StrUAN likely reflect N loss to rapid volatilization during or shortly after application. The StrUAN‐UI treatment increased 2‐yr average N 2 O emissions by 17.3 to 18.7% relative to StrUAN or StrUAN‐UI+NI. For humid‐temperate clay loam soil, UAN streaming with/without inhibitors was not effective for maintaining yields or reducing NH 3 volatilization.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it