Electro-optic Response in Germanium Halide Perovskites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electro-optic materials that can be solution-processed and provide high-crystalline quality are sought for the development of compact, efficient optical modulators. Here we present density functional theory investigations of the linear electro-optic coefficients of candidate materials cesium and methylammonium germanium halide perovskites. As with their lead halide counterparts, these compounds can be solution-processed, but in contrast, they possess the noncentrosymmetric crystal structures needed to provide a linear electro-optic effect. We find substantial electro-optic responses from these compounds; in particular, for the r 51 tensor element of CsGeI 3, we predict an electro-optic coefficient of 47 pm·V –1 at the communications wavelength of 1550 nm, surpassing the strongest coefficient of LiNbO 3 at 31 pm·V –1 . The strong electro-optic responses of the germanium compounds are driven by high nonlinear susceptibilities and dynamics of the germanium atoms that ultimately arise from the distorted crystal structures. Alongside the electro-optic coefficient calculations, we provide the frequency responses for the linear and nonlinear electronic susceptibilities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".