Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel transmission technique named Beam Angle Channel Modulation (BACM) that uses an antenna array to encode the information symbols into the angle of propagation (and arrival) wave in the wireless channel. At the encoder, the block of information bits is mapped into two symbols: (i) a spatial symbol selecting the direction of arrival of the amplitude and phase modulated carrier signal and (ii) a temporal symbol chosen from the constellation diagram like QAM or PSK. The proposed scheme follows the model for concatenated modulation designs like recently introduced spatial modulation (SM). The use of the transmitted signal angle through antenna array beamforming increases the spectral efficiency of the single-input single-output (SISO) conventional (temporal) modulation by the base-two logarithm of the number of spatial beams that can be resolved (detected) at the receiver. Direction-of-arrival type detection for spatial symbols is developed using a linear array of receive antennas. It is demonstrated that the detection reliability of the spatial symbols in BACM is determined by the number of antennas used at the receiver and the actual angles of signal arrival.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".