Coordination and pricing decisions in a closed-loop supply chain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper investigates coordination and pricing decisions in a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) with a manufacturer, a remanufacturer, and a retailer. We also consider a supplier who provides both the manufacturer and remanufacturer with new parts. We follow the practice by assuming vertically differentiated new and remanufactured products. We show how the optimal prices and quantities for new and remanufactured products at the retailer level, and the total CLSC profits and the supplier's profits compare with each other across different CLSC coordination structures. We also investigate the sensitivity of our results to the quality of returns and consumers' perceptions. We find that both the CLSC and the supplier enjoy the highest profits from the coordination between the retailer and the manufacturer. Furthermore, we show that the coordination between the retailer and the remanufacturer results in the lowest profits for the CLSC members, but not necessarily the lowest for the supplier.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".