Determination of static and dynamic characteristics of microscopic pore-throat structure in a tight oil-bearing sandstone formation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT In this study, an integrated and practical framework has been developed to quantify the static and dynamic characteristics of microscopic pore-throat structure in a tight oil-bearing sandstone formation. Experimentally, thin sections were prepared out of core samples collected from a tight formation, and corresponding analyses were performed by using the scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction techniques. In addition to pore types and clay minerals, the size, fraction, and distribution of grains were identified and classified. Pore and throat size distributions were then determined by using pressure-controlled mercury injection and rate-controlled mercury injection, respectively, to quantify the changes in microscopic pore-throat structure after brine-flow tests. Subsequently, displacement experiments of water flooding and surfactant flooding were performed to determine the upper and lower cutoff value of the movable throat radius. Rock grains primarily containing fine sand and silt were found to possess complex compositions, and both intergranular pores and intragranular dissolution pores were dominant. Nanothroats may have developed in a tight formation because of small radii of pores and throats. Compared with the pore size distribution, throat radius was found to be reduced by 13.9% after brine-flow tests, and the cutoff value of movable throat can be decreased to 0.019 from 0.033 µm by using a surfactant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".