:Breadwinners and Citizens: Gender in the Making of the French Social Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The title and subtitle of Laura Levine Frader's latest book encapsulate its argument. First, and rather too briefly, Frader extends T. H. Marshall's influential definition of citizenship as having political, civil, and social rights by including economic rights “understood as the right to work at the occupation of one's choice and as the right to economic independence” (p. 6). She then reassesses, and rejects, the familiar notion that French labor, employers, and the state gave little support to the male breadwinner in the two decades after World War I (and, in an epilogue, after World War II). Here the book draws upon historical studies of French and American social models but might have benefitted by comparisons to gender-sensitive studies of the making of the Scandinavian welfare states, where economic citizenship and alternatives to male breadwinner models are more fully and critically explored. Still, by systematically and persuasively analyzing the discourse about women workers in labor congresses, in the studies of important industrial hygienists, and in the labor, wage, and benefits provisions of major employers and the state, Frader demonstrates how postwar reconstruction, informed by anxieties about depopulation, refined rather than eradicated gender stratification in the labor force, even as the number of women workers remained high and women continued to move into new jobs. Equally originally, she indicates how ideas of race, which incorporated ideas of nationality, intersected with gender assumptions and informed inequalities in the French labor force and the French social model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".