Thermionic Emission Based Resistive Memory with Ultrathin Ferroelectric BiFe<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>Cr<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub>3</sub> Films Deposited by Mineralizer-Free Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We develop resistive switching memory devices employing ultrathin (∼2.5 nm) BiFe1–xCrxO3 ferroelectric films, deposited by microwave-assisted hydrothermal (MWHT) synthesis, as the potential barrier. BiFeO3 is a multiferroic material highly suitable for nonvolatile semiconductor memories due to its polar and magnetic ordering at room temperature. Chromium is incorporated to enhance the material’s multiferroic properties. As compared to more commonly used physical and chemical vapor deposition tools, MWHT is an extremely cost-efficient tool that provides high reproducibility and stoichiometry control. Using no mineralizer and thereby reducing leakage currents and structural disorder, the ferroelectric phase is reached in our films after 2 cycles of microwave irradiation, and atomic step-terraces can be seen on the surface, attesting to a highly ordered film growth. Using platinum (Pt) top electrodes and conductive substrates (Nb:SrTiO3 and Pt) as bottom electrodes, memory devices are fabricated. Resistive switching is confirmed through electrical characterizations, and resistance ratios of ∼20 and ∼105 are obtained for the SrTiO3/BiFe1–xCrxO3/Pt and Pt/BiFe1–xCrxO3/Pt designs, respectively. By correlating the band alignment of both designs to their current–voltage behavior, we demonstrate that thermionic emission is the dominant charge transport mechanism. Under quasi-static conditions, the SrTiO3/BiFe1–xCrxO3/Pt devices are switched over 35 cycles on 10 different electrodes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".