Carbon, oxygen, and sulfur isotope compositions and model of the Silurian rock formation in northwestern Belarus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper describes the results of study of the Silurian clayey–carbonate rocks ranging from the Telychian Stage (Llandovery) to the Gorstian Stage (Ludlow) recovered by the Borehole Davtyuny 3k in northwestern Belarus. Rocks of the Sheinwoodian Stage demonstrate a positive excursion of δ13C with amplitude of 4.7‰, marking the Ireviken biotic event recorded in the global chemostratigraphic curve. Values of δ18O for the carbonate material in the studied section (25.5–29.2‰ SMOW) are close to those for Silurian rocks from the Baltic region, Scandinavia, Ukraine, Poland, and Canada. The whole section contains postsedimentary gypsum as nodules and the infilling of fissures and fenestrae. Values of δ34S in gypsum (21.3–26.7‰ CDT) are close to those for the Silurian rocks on the Phanerozoic isotope plot. The formation of gypsum was related to a partial development of the supralittoral environment over the sublittoral and littoral clayey–carbonate substrate. The seawater accumulated in lowlands of the supralittoral plain after storms was intensely concentrated during arid conditions and accumulated in the clayey–carbonate sediment. The subsequent underground evaporation promoted the formation of gypsum as nodules in the unlithified sediments and the infilling of fissures and fenestrae in the lithified rocks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".