Global Atmospheric Concentrations of Brominated and Chlorinated Flame Retardants and Organophosphate Esters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samples, deployed during 2014 in the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Network, were analyzed for a range of flame retardants (FRs) including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), brominated and chlorinated novel FRs, and organophosphate esters (OPEs). Mean concentrations of PBDEs and novel FRs at the 48 sites monitored ranged from 0.097 to 93 pg/m3 for Σ14PBDEs and from below detection limits to 126 pg/m3 for Σ15novel FRs. For PBDEs, the detected concentrations were similar to those previously reported from samples collected in 2005 at GAPS sites, suggesting global background atmospheric concentrations of PBDEs have not declined since regulatory measures were implemented. OPEs were detected at every GAPS site, with Σ18OPEs ranging from 69 to 7770 pg/m3. OPE concentrations were at least an order of magnitude higher than the PBDEs. This study presents the first data on global distributions of OPEs in the atmosphere, obtained from a single passive sampling monitoring network. Challenges that can arise in passive air sampling campaigns are also highlighted and addressed with suggested recommendations for future campaigns.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".