New North American Records for the Old World Psyllid Heterotrioza chenopodii (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Triozidae) with Biological Observations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Palearctic psyllid Heterotrioza chenopodii (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Triozidae) belongs to a complex of psyllids having plants in the Amaranthaceae (including the former Chenopodiaceae) as hosts. Geographic records for this introduced species in North America date from 1988, and include a number of coastal regions in eastern Canada, the Northeastern U.S., inland Virginia, coastal British Columbia, California, and wetland habitats near Lincoln, Nebraska. We updated North American records for H. chenopodii to include inland Washington and Oregon, southwestern Idaho, northcentral California, western Colorado, and southern and central Alberta. Psyllids were collected from Atriplex micrantha (Amaranthaceae) and unidentified Atriplex species, and from yellow sticky cards that had been placed in potato fields to monitor arthropod pests of potatoes. Traits of the adult psyllid, fifth-instar nymph, and egg used in identifying specimens are summarized.We provide the first photographs of the egg, fifthinstar nymph, and terminalia of the adult male psyllid. Rearing trials showed that H. chenopodii developed on A. micrantha, A. hortensis, Chenopodium album, C. berlandieri, and garden beet, Beta vulgaris, but failed to develop on Amaranthus tricolor. Development was most rapid on the two Atriplex species. Heterotrioza chenopodii has been shown in Europe to exhibit photoperiod-controlled dimorphism in wing size, producing a long-winged form in spring and summer, and a short-winged form in autumn. We confirmed in rearing trials and by field collections that populations of H. chenopodii from central Washington State also exhibit this dimorphism. Short-winged forms began replacing long-winged forms in field populations between late August and early October.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".