Highly efficient methane reforming over a low‐loading Ru/γ‐Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalyst in a Pd‐Ag membrane reactor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Natural gas can be reformed to syngas (CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2), at temperatures above 850°C. Membrane catalytic reformers can provide high CH4 conversions at temperatures below 650°C, by separating H2 from the reactive mixture. Traditional Ni‐based catalysts suffer from low activity at low temperatures and deactivate rapidly by coking, particularly at low steam/carbon ratios. In this study, an ultralow loading (0.15 wt %) Ru/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst was implemented in a lab‐scale membrane reformer, using a supported 5μm Pd‐Ag film membrane. Methane conversions above 90% were achieved at 650°C, 8 bar, and H2O/CH4 = 2, 3 with contact times of ca. 10 s. The system generated up to 3.5 mol of ultrapure H2 per mol of CH4 fed, with a maximum power density of 0.9 kW/L. No significant deactivation was observed after 200 h time on stream, even when using low H2O:CH4 ratios. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 3101–3108, 2018
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".