Implications for space-based UHECR observation from UV background light measurements by JEM-EUSO pathfinders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
EUSO (Extreme Universe Space Observatory) is a next-generation space-based UHECR observation concept to detect extensive air shower events by the fluorescence technique. The determination of the exposure for UHECR observations is essential to reach the scientific objectives. It involves trigger efficiency, observational duty cycle, impacts of clouds etc. UV light from the terrestrial and extraterrestrial sources is a major background for UHECR observations. It includes man-made light, airglow emission starlight, moonlight, zodiacal light etc. In the EUSO pathfinder missions, we carried out the measurements of the UV light by operating a prototype 1~m square refractive Fresnel telescope with a photo-detector module on balloons and on the ground. So far, flights of EUSO-Balloon and EUSO-SPB~(Supper Pressure Balloon) achieved 1- and 12-night flights in Canada and south Pacific, respectively. Using different optics, two satellite-borne pathfinders, TUS~(Tracking Ultraviolet Set-up) has been operational and Mini-EUSO are currently scheduled. On the ground EUSO-TA has been operational at the Telescope Array experiment site. All the pathfinders are designed to measure UV light to provide a larger amount of data in various conditions. In the present contribution, the basic concept to establish a scheme to determine the exposure for space-based UHECRs is discussed. A part of results from EUSO-Balloon about the background light measurements relevant to the exposure determination are presented. We also intrdouce an outlook for further studies by EUSO-SPB, TUS and Mini-EUSO.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".