Changes in physicochemical properties of activated carbon during treatment with supercritical water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We investigated the changes in activated carbon (AC) physicochemical properties during treatment with supercritical water (SCW). Experimental results show that SCW treatment can increase the specific surface area and pore volume of AC. Scanning electron microscopy proves that the AC surface undergoes severe corrosion, resulting in the exposure of highly porous structures. In addition, the point‐of‐zero charge of AC increases after SCW treatment without the addition of HCl, H2SO4, and H2O2. This result is confirmed by the presence of C≡C and −OH functional moieties, as established through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Temperature programmed desorption profiles suggest that the decomposition of AC in the SCW treatment produces pyrone and anhydride functional groups. According to the above results, SCW treatment increases the adsorption capacities of AC. In SCW catalytic processes, therefore, active components removed from the surface of AC‐supported catalysts are directly involved in reactions that enhance the catalytic activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".