Noninvasive Kalman Filter Based Permanent Magnet Temperature Estimation for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Permanent magnet temperature (PMT) is crucial to high-performance control and condition monitoring of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). This paper proposes a noninvasive PMT estimation approach based on the PMSM steady-state equation. First, a linear temperature model, dependent solely on the PMT, is derived from the steady-state equation and the PM thermal model. Thus, the PMT can be directly estimated from the measurements using the derived linear model. In order to improve the estimation performance, a linear state-space model is developed based on the derived model and the Kalman filter is employed for PMT estimation. The inverter nonlinearity is considered and compensated in the proposed model to improve the estimation performance. Compared with the existing methods, the proposed approach is noninvasive and computationally efficient. More importantly, the derived model does not involve machine parameters such as winding resistance and self and mutual inductances and thus, the proposed approach is independent of winding temperature rise, magnetic saturation and cross-coupling effect. The proposed approach is evaluated with extensive experiments under various speed and load conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".