Confirmation of the Structure of <i>Trans</i> ‐Cyclic Azobenzene by X‐Ray Crystallography and Spectroscopic Characterization of Cyclic Azobenzene Analogs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The photoisomerization properties of a series of cyclic azobenzene (cAb) analogs, including non‐substituted, Br‐, CN‐, carboxyl‐, and amino cAb, were compared. While the trans ‐form of these analogs show different degrees of thermal stability, no spectral changes in the absorption wavelengths were observed for amino cAb upon exposure to purple light. The 15 N NMR chemical shifts of cAb in both cis ‐ and trans ‐forms were found to show a large difference from those of aromatic azobenzene; however, the trend of difference in chemical shift is in agreement with that obtained from quantum chemical calculations. More importantly, the structure of the photoisomerization product from cis ‐cAb was confirmed to be, indeed, the trans ‐cAb by X‐ray diffraction experiments. The 15 NMR data of the cAb isomers and confirmation of trans ‐cAb through crystal structure will be of importance for future studies in the design and applications of cAb as a photoswitch.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".