Education, <i>Francisation</i>, and Shifting Colonial Priorities at the Ursuline Convent in Seventeenth-Century Québec
Bibliographic record
Abstract
One of the goals of the nuns at the Ursuline convent in seventeenth-century Québec was to “Frenchify” Indigenous students. This paper presents a new way of interpreting the question of whether the Ursulines succeeded or failed in their efforts at francisation by reading Marie de l'Incarnation's concerns with her order's progress against a broader history of French colonial policy. When royal authorities in France and their agents in New France started to demand that missionaries do more to compel people to replace Indigenous customs with French ones, the Ursulines remained committed to a different approach. Students at the Ursuline convent school retained many Indigenous practices, and the nuns recognized that they had to adapt their pedagogical approaches to fit the realities of daily life in Canada. In facing changing French ideals about assimilation, the Ursulines crafted careful responses by using an additive and accommodationist approach that shows the complexity of francisation within a variegated and dynamic French colonial experience.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".