Medicare Cost Drivers during the 2004–2014 Health Accord Period in Canada: What Is the Evidence?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As per the Canada Health Act, hospital and physician services (Medicare) are covered by the public sector. With the 2004 First Minister's Health Accord showcasing a 10-Year Plan to strengthen healthcare in Canada, significant investments have been made to improve access to these services. The average annual growth rate (AAGR) of spending between 2004 and 2014 was 5.1% for hospitals and 6.6% for physicians. The key policy question is whether or not these increases were just used to boost unit cost? An accounting approach was used to address this issue. Results suggest that for hospitals, wage per hour for staff (excluding physicians) accounted for 49% of the AAGR for hospitals (2.5 percentage points [pp]), while fee increases accounted for 47% of the AAGR for physician spending (3.1 pp). However, considering that general inflation was on average 1.8% per year, the health premium for physicians represented almost twice that for hospital staff.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".