EMISSION COMPARISON OF UNDERGROUND TRENCHLES CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR CANADA'S OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The oil and gas industry in Canada is a prosperous industry that involves the rehabilitation and/or installation of new pipelines and facilities, which results in an increase of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper compares the amount of GHG emissions of pilot-tube micro tunneling (PTMT) and hand tunneling through a case study that involved replacing an old pipeline and installing a new pipeline. The project site was located in the northeast of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada in which PTMT and hand tunneling were used. In the calculation, the GHG emissions were classified as two parts: construction and transportation emissions. The indices used to specify the GHG emissions are the estimated masses of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The construction emissions calculations are functions of construction hours, type of equipment, loading factor, and emission factor. The transportation emissions calculations...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".