Policy Transfer and Diversification in Resource‐Dependent Economies: Lessons for Kazakhstan from Alberta
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Economic diversification in resource‐dependent countries is a difficult process. Most of these countries’ efforts to diversify have been unsuccessful. Alberta is one exception. It has succeeded in diversifying its economy by “diversifying in energy” using explicit policy decisions to promote human capital development in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM), complement STEM education with education in management and innovation, foster proper market discipline, establish an effective intellectual property rights system, and strengthen links between various industries to support innovation. Kazakhstan's policy makers can learn valuable lessons from Alberta's successes. It is also important to understand that some of the initiatives that were successful in Alberta may not be appropriate for Kazakhstan because of the latter's system of state‐guided capitalism and limited public service capacity. Finally, evidence from Alberta suggests that promoting “winning” sectors is a way for favored insiders to capture a share of resource rent and seldom succeed. Related Articles Khodr , Hiba , and Isabella Ruble . 2013 . “.” Politics & Policy 41 (): 656 ‐ 689 . http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12033/full Khodr , Hiba . 2014 . “.” Politics & Policy 42 (): 271 ‐ 310 . http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12068/full Kim , Hae S . 2017 . “.” Politics & Policy 45 (): 83 ‐ 104 . http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12190/full Related Media . 2003 . “Should Developing Country Industrialisation Policies Encourage Processing of Primary Commodities?”The ACP‐EU Courier196: 30‐32. http://ec.europa.eu/development/body/publications/courier/courier196/en/en_030.pdf Litan , Robert E ., and Carl J. Schramm . 2007 . “Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity.”Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/event/good-capitalism-bad-capitalism-and-economics-growth-and-prosperity . 2015 . “Economic Diversification and Nonextractive Growth.” InEngagement in Resource‐Rich Developing Countries: The Cases of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Zambia. Washington, DC: World Bank. 28‐42. http://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/sites/default/files/Data/reports/chapters/ccpe-synthesis_ch4.pdf
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".