Native, invasive and cryptogenic Ulva species from the Israeli Mediterranean Sea: risk and potential
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The genus Ulva (Chlorophyta) is ubiquitous along Israeli Mediterranean shores where it has been studied extensively due to its important ecological role and potential value in biotechnology and aquaculture. Previous identifications of Ulva in Israel were based only on morphology. Here, we compare species found in 2002 and in 2014-2016. Analyses of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) and elongation factor 1-alpha (tufA) plastid genes (2014-2016 samples only), combined with morphological data, identified six Ulva species, three of which are new records for Israel and probably originate from the Indo-Pacific. Ulva compressa, rarely found in 2002, is now the most abundant species and exhibits two fairly distinct morphologies correlated with different haplotypes for both genes. Ulva fasciata was found more commonly in 2002 than in 2014-16, whereas the morphologically similar, and closely related, invasive species U. ohnoi seemed more frequent in recent samples. The finely branched tubular Ulva tepida was found in 2002 and 2015/16, and U. chaugulii and U. mediterranea were discovered for the first time in 2015/16. The changing Ulva flora of the Israeli Mediterranean may be correlated with major environmental changes including 3°C increase in sea surface temperatures over the last two decades, as well as a generally increasing prevalence of non-native species. The local Ulva species now found in Israel could be of value for various industrial uses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".