1.23-pJ/bit 25-Gb/s Inductor-Less Optical Receiver With Low-Voltage Silicon Photodetector
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the design and measurement results of an inductor-less and power-efficient 25-Gb/s optical receiver in 65-nm TSMC technology. Furthermore, the design and characteristics of a novel 850-nm low-voltage silicon-on-insulator based all-silicon photodetector (Si-PD) are demonstrated. The proposed receiver front end consists of an inverter-based feedback transimpedance amplifier and three stages of inverter-based Cherry-Hooper post-amplifier. To this structure, local positive feedback and third-order interleaved active feedback are added to increase the bandwidth of the front end. Measurement results show that the receiver front end has a transimpedance gain of 69.4 dBQ, a bandwidth of 13.6 GHz, and an input-referred current noise of 3.28 μArms. It occupies only 0.0056 mm2 and consumes 30.8 mW at 1.1-V supply voltage. The proposed Si-PD has a responsivity of 0.05 A/W (at 850 nm), a dark current of 0.02 nA, and a bandwidth of 12.6 GHz at 0-V bias voltage. For a bit error rate of 10-12, the optical receiver with a wire-bonded Si-PD has a sensitivity of 46 and 54 μAp- p at data rates of 20 and 25 Gb/s, respectively, at a reverse-bias voltage of 0.41 V. The energy efficiency of the all-silicon 850-nm optical receiver is 1.23 pJ/bit at 25-Gb/s data rate. The receiver front end was also measured with an electrical input signal with supply voltages lower than 1.1 V. For an input sensitivity of 5 mV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p-p</sub> , the receiver front end has energy efficiencies of 0.425 and 0.8 pJ/bit at data rates of 20 and 25 Gb/s, for supply voltages of 0.85 and 1 V, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".