Chlorite and Chlorate ion variability IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study tracked changes in chlorite ion (ClO2–) and chlorate ion (ClO3–) concentrations in the distribution system of the City of Laval, Québec, following use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) or free chlorine. Water was collected in small‐ and large‐diameter pipes with respect to the residence time of each sampling point. In the network fed by a treatment plant using ClO2 in postdisinfection, ClO2– concentrations decreased with increasing water residence time. In the networks fed by treatment plants using free chlorine in postdisinfection, ClO2– levels remained below the method detection limit (MDL). ClO3– concentrations measured in the network following ClO2 postdisinfection were found to be either below the MDL or stable at a low level (0.09 mg/L) in cold water; ClO3– levels decreased slightly in warm water with increasing residence time. In the networks using free chlorine as a postdisinfectant, ClO3– levels showed significant variations in their overall concentrations during different samplings or with specific changes in their concentration related to residence time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".