Platinum‐Palladium Core–Shell Nanoflower Catalyst with Improved Activity and Excellent Durability for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this work, highly active and stable platinum–palladium core–shell nanoflowers supported on sulfur‐doped graphene (PtPd‐NF/SG) with a polyol reduction method are synthesized. Platinum is decorated on palladium seeds to form core–shell structured floral petals to improve surface activity and give high electrochemically active surface area and stability. The catalyst is deposited on sulfur‐doped graphene to induce highly favorable catalyst‐support interactions to ensure long‐term electrochemical stability. The specific activity and mass activity of the synthesized core–shell nanocatalysts are 3.2 and 4.7 times higher than commercial Pt/C toward oxygen reduction reaction, respectively. After 10 000 testing cycles, the mass and specific activity of the catalyst is ≈25 and ≈18 times higher than the Pt/C benchmark catalyst, respectively. The enhanced electrochemical activity and excellent stability of PtPd‐NF/SG can be attributed to the 2D core–shell nanoflower structure, weak binding of hydroxyl groups to the platinum metal deposited on palladium, and robust sulfur‐doped graphene support.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".