Lymphogranuloma venereum in Quebec: Re-emergence among men who have sex with men
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes L 1 , L 2 and L 3 .This LGV is associated with significant morbidity and increased risk of HIV transmission.While fewer than two cases per year were reported in Quebec before 2005, LGV emerged in 2005-2006 with 69 cases, followed by a period of low incidence (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012), and subsequent re-emergence since 2013.Objectives: To describe the incidence of LGV in Quebec and the characteristics of the affected population, including demographics and risk factors, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, treatments and reinfection rates.Methods: Descriptive data were collected from the notifiable diseases records through the Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ) infocentre portal.Questionnaires were obtained through the enhanced surveillance system and transmitted anonymously to the Quebec Ministry of Health.In-depth analysis was performed on cases from 2013 to 2016.Results: There were 338 cases of LGV over the four-year period in Quebec.All cases were male, excluding one transsexual.Mean age was 41 years.Most lived in Montréal (81%) and were men who have sex with men (MSM; 99%).The majority (83%) reported four sexual partners or more in the last year, met mostly through the Internet (77%) and in saunas (73%).Frequency of sexual intercourse with out-of-province residents decreased in 2013-2016 (27%) compared with 2005-2012 (38%).History of STIs was frequent: 83% were HIV-infected, 81% reported previous syphilis and 78% previous gonorrhea.Recreational drug use was frequent (57%), reaching 71% in 2016.Most cases were symptomatic, a proportion which decreased in 2016 (68%) compared with 2013-2015 (82%; p=0.006).Clinical presentations included proctitis (86%), lymphadenopathy (13%) and ulcer/papule (12%).Reinfections, mostly within two years of first infection, occurred in 35 individuals (10%). Conclusion:The re-emergence of LGV in Quebec involves an urban subpopulation composed almost exclusively of MSM with STIs, who have a high number of partners and often use drugs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".