Preparations and Characterizations of Carboxymetylated Hydrophilic Macromolecular Composites Directly Derived from Weeds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Direct carboxymethylations for aliphatic hydroxyl groups in weeds such as Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, TF), Sweeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula, SL) and Canada goldenrod (Solidago Canadensis, CG) were carried out in 2-propanol / 30 % NaOH at 55 °C for 3.5 hrs. Under the typical conditions, carboxyletylated TF (TF-CM), SL-CM and CG-CM were obtained at yields of 145%, 135% and 148% based on each dry weight of lignocellulosics, respectively. Although degrees of substitutions of these CM materials were only small values such as 0.08-0.11, almost all materials were easily dissolved into water. Structural features were investigated using FT-IR and UV-Vis. Visocosities of 1% (w/w) aqueous solutions or suspensions of CM derivatives were measured by vibrating viscometer under different temperatures and pH. Since there are differences on viscosities between TF and CG in spite of same degrees of substitution, properties were different due to different structures of plant tissues.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".