Bibliographic record
Abstract
Class action is an important safeguard to protect the rights and legitimate interests of large groups of people and it has already proven successful in advanced foreign legal systems. One of the most popular forms of class action in countries with a continental legal system (France, Sweden, Argentina) is a representative action, which is initiated by non-profit associations, i.e., “ideological claimants” (associations, foundations, non-profit organizations) in defense of violated collective rights of a large group of people or unspecified persons in the most vulnerable areas of economic life. The institution of collective redress by representative bodies is less popular in countries with common law legal systems (the USA, Australia, Canada), which traditionally use class actions. Nevertheless, countries with common law legal systems such as the United Kingdom (England and Wales) actively use the legal tools for the social protection of the violated rights and interests of citizens. This article analyzes the legislative consolidation and application of representative actions in the Russian Federation. The absence of a mechanism (for filing a lawsuit before the decision) of judicial protection of professional representatives’ collective rights and public interests according to the generally accepted international practices involving interested persons whose rights have been violated (opt-in or opt-out), creates barriers to the development of representative actions in Russia. At the same time, the scope of these claims and the judicial protection of collective rights and public interests by public associations has its own characteristics, which can be used by legislators to effectively protect human rights.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".