Underwater Adhesion of a Stimuli-Responsive Polymer on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite: A Single-Molecule Force Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exploration aiming to understand how a single polymer chain interacts with interested solid–water interface and its dependence on the environmental stimulus is critical, as it is important for a variety of scientific research and practical applications, such as underwater adhesives or smart systems for controlled attachment/detachment. Here, by single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS), results on underwater adhesion of a single stimuli-responsive polymer chain on a model hydrophobic surface are reported. Salt concentration was used as an effective stimulus for the transition of the stimuli-responsive polymer from hydrophilic (solvophilic) hydrated state to hydrophobic (solvophobic) state in SMFS experiment. The probed equilibrium single-molecule adhesion force that changed from 45 to 76 pN with increasing salt concentration were free of other interactions that are responsible for cohesions, indicating that solvent quality is critical in determining the strength of single-molecule interfacial adhesion. Moreover, the derived simple quantitative thermodynamic model by combining single-molecule detachment mechanics with hydration free energy illustrated that higher single-molecule adhesion force was resulted from higher solvation/hydration free energy. The experimental study and theoretical analysis presented in this work quantitatively revealed the role of hydrophobic and more general solvophobic interactions in single-molecule level and shed light on the molecular structure optimization for desired applications, such as underwater adhesives or smart interfaces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".