Reduction of Marek's Disease Virus Infection by Toll-Like Receptor Ligands in Chicken Embryo Fibroblast Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are present in microbes. PAMPs induce several pathways downstream of TLRs that lead to induction of antiviral responses. The objective of this study was to investigate the stimulatory effect of various PAMPs (in the form of TLR ligands) in reducing Marek's disease virus (MDV) infection in chicken embryo fibroblast cells (CEFs). To this end, CEFs were pretreated with Pam3CSK4, Poly(IC), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and CpG ODN as TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR21 ligands, respectively for 24 h followed by infection with MDV. The results indicated that pretreatment with Poly(IC) resulted in a robust reduction (by about 81%) of MDV infection in CEFs at 96 h postinfection while a moderate reduction was observed with treatment of Pam3CSK4 (35%), LPS (26%), and CpG ODN (23%) PAMPs. Transcriptional analysis of gene expression in CEFs demonstrated that all TLR ligand treatments and MDV infection significantly increased the expression of type I interferons, interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 (IFIT5), and myxoma-resistance protein (Mx). Further studies are needed to explore the mechanism by which PAMPs, particularly the TLR3 ligands could reduce MDV infection in CEFs, which may play an important role in controlling the replication of MDV in chicken.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".