Acidification of the Fraser River due to Urbanization in Vancouver British Columbia and Potential Impact on Salmon Migration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Salmon in BC migrate from the ocean and move up the Fraser river to spawn. Salmon, as well as other aquatic species, thrive in water with pH ranging from 6 – 8. In this experiment, water and soil acidity were examined at different locations along the Fraser River in Richmond, Surrey, and Langley with the objective of observing any effect of the local level of urbanization. It was hypothesized that urban areas would measure lower pH than the rural areas. pH measurements were collected on two different locations, urban and rural within each city and a T-test was performed for each of the three pairs of data to confirm statistical significance indicated by Two-way ANOVA. The results showed a statistically significant decrease in acidity for urban Surrey at a confidence level of 0.05, but not for Langley and Richmond. Differences between cities was observed, but these differences were not statistically significant with the exception of urban Langley and urban Surrey. We conclude that local differences in urbanization do not cause a measureable increase in acidity in the Fraser River.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".