Effects of Dissolved Oxygen on Water Imbibition in Gas Shales
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Understanding the water uptake of gas shales is critical for designing and optimizing hydraulic fracturing operations during which a large volume of fracturing water containing dissolved oxygen is injected into tight reservoirs. Recent studies show that the dissolved oxygen may promote oxidation reactions which can affect salinity and pH value of flowback water; however, the effects of dissolved oxygen and oxidation reactions on water imbibition into the shale matrix and on the concentration of individual ions in flowback water are still poorly understood. In this study, we conduct water imbibition experiments under degassed and oxic conditions, and measure the imbibed water mass and concentrations of different ions in water. The results show that the initial rate and final amount of water imbibition are higher under degassed conditions compared with that under oxic conditions. These differences are mainly due to the enhanced dissolution of air in the shale pore network into the imbibing water under degassed conditions and the consequent increase in relative permeability of water. The results also suggest that oxidation of pyrite by dissolved oxygen produces sulfate and iron ions. The abundance of pores in the vicinity of pyrite minerals as observed in the SEM/EDS images provides a pyrite, water, and oxygen rich environment which favors pyrite oxidation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".