Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the occurrence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in early and advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD) and identify the risk factors for PD-MCI. Methods: A total of 138 PD patients were recruited between April 2015 and December 2017. We evaluated demographic and clinical data, including sex, age, age of onset, disease duration, Hoehn and Yahr stage, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part âà¢, 39-item Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Participants were divided into early and advanced PD groups according to Hoehn and Yahr stage. Group comparisons were performed using Student’s t-tests or chi-square tests. Binary logistic regression was conducted to identify risk factors for PD-MCI. Results: There was no significant difference in MMSE scores between the early and advanced groups. According to PD-MCI Level 1 criteria, 27 individuals (30.0%) in the early group and 16 individuals (33.3%) in the advanced group were classified as having PD-MCI. The proportion of PD-MCI was not significantly different between the two groups (chi-square = 0.162, p =0.687). No demographic or clinical factors were significantly associated with the development of PD-MCI. Conclusions: Cognitive impairment is stable in PD patients with short disease duration when the MMSE is used as a global cognitive test. The occurrence of PD-MCI is high, even in newly diagnosed PD patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".