Bibliographic record
Abstract
Groundwater discharges in the western Canadian oil sands region impact river water quality. Mapping groundwater discharges into rivers in the oil sands region is important to ensure wastewater and steam injections remain sequestered, rather than eventually resurfacing. Saline springs comprised of Pleistocene-aged glacial meltwater enter regional rivers, but their spatial distribution has not been mapped comprehensively. Here we show substantial increases in salinity along three major rivers as they flow through the Athabasca Oil Sands Region adjacent to many active oil sands projects. Major ion concentrations and isotope (2H/1H, 18O/16O, 87Sr/86Sr) compositions suggest that increases in river water salinities are caused by saline groundwater discharges from Cretaceous or Devonian aquifers. These regional subsurface-to-surface connections signify that injected wastewater or steam may potentially resurface in the future, emphasizing the critical import of mapping groundwater flows to understand present-day streamflow quality and to predict potential for injected fluids to resurface.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".