Energy Storage by Melting Commercial Change Phase Materials in Hexagonal-Shaped Heat Exchangers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A two-dimensional melting of a technical-grade phase-change material is modeled. The phase-change material is placed in the annular space formed by an outer regular hexagonal tube and an inner tube. A nonorthogonal boundary fitted coordinate method is implemented on a staggered grid arrangement. The mushy region of the impure phase-change material has been accommodated through the enthalpy-porosity scheme. A set of parametric studies is carried out. Selected results are presented as a function of time for the velocity and temperature fields, the cumulatively stored energy, the total melt fraction, and the average Nusselt number on the inner tube. The oblate-shaped inner tube results in the highest melting rate and stores the maximum energy among the studied units irrespective of the shape and vertical position of the inner tube. Among the three vertical positions of the inner circular tube, when the center of the inner tube is placed at one-third height from the base of the outer tube, it shows the greatest thermal efficiency, and the worst performance is obtained for the upper position of the inner tube at the two-thirds height of the outer tube. With the increase in the Rayleigh number (wall temperature), the amount of energy storage is enhanced.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".