Freedom of religion versus freedom of business management in Spain: Spanish Case-law analyzed in the light of “reasonable accommodation” figure according to Canadian Case-law
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Canadian case-law figure of reasonable accommodation has not found a favourable reception in the Spanish Case-law. Proof of this is the STC 19/1985 judgement of the Spanish Constitutional Court, which affirms that the giving of a different weekly rest because of a religious belief would be a reasonable exception, but it is not imperative for the entrepreneur to grant it. Accommodation is not compulsory neither for Canadian courts, since this obligation to accommodate must be within the limits of “reasonability”. Even if several justified reasons can be put forward to refuse the accommodation, Canadian courts opt for the imposition of this legal duty to reconcile religious practice demands with labour market needs. Taking into consideration that accommodation does not happen spontaneously and that bona fide in labour relations is not enough, it is advisable to look for good practices in comparative Law to deal with this kind of conflicts.Published online: 11 December 2017
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".