Bibliographic record
Abstract
In March 2015 Kansanshi Mining plc commenced operation of a greenfield copper smelter near Solwezi, Zambia.The smelter is designed to treat 1.2 Mt of copper concentrate per year.Concentrate is smelted in an Isasmelt furnace, and the matte is subsequently converted to blister copper in Peirce-Smith converters (PSCs).The off-gases from the Isasmelt furnace and the PSCs are directed to wet gas cleaning systems and then to a contact sulphuric acid plant (SAP).Overall, the SAP has performed well, allowing rapid ramp-up of the smelter to its design capacity of 1.2 Mt/a.The sophisticated control philosophy for the acid plant-smelter interface has allowed for relatively trouble-free operation with the smelter.The acid plant can easily handle transitions in gas flow and SO 2 concentrations resulting from the operation of PSCs.The goal for the future is to maintain the high availability of the acid plant through improvements in maintenance.There is also a desire to maximize acid plant throughput to maximize production of both copper and acid.While the operation and performance of the acid plant has been nearly trouble-free, some of the more interesting issues that we overcame are presented later in the paper.Availability of the plant has exceeded 93.1% on average, with over 99% availability in the best month (see Figure 1).KMP's definition of availability is the time that the acid plant is ready and available to receive gas from either the Isasmelt furnace or from the PSCs.Downtime due to site power outages is not included in acid plant availability.The maximum daily production achieved to date is 4077 t.Figure 2 shows the steady ramp-up of smelter throughput and the corresponding increase in acid production.For the months of March through to February 2017, acid production exceeded nominal design capacity for the plant.From September 2015 to January 2016 concentrate treatement, and therefore acid production, was limited due to lack of concentrate.Production was low in February 2016 due to the planned shutdown to repair the SAP converter, and in August 2016 due to a shutdown to repair damaged bricking in the Isasmelt furnace.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".