Pollen transfer efficiency of <i>Apocynum cannabinum</i> (Apocynaceae): a comparative perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pollen transfer efficiency (PTE), the percentage of removed pollen delivered to conspecific stigmas, has been implicated in the morphological evolution, population dynamics, and lineage diversification of flowering plants. Pollinia, the aggregated contents of pollen sacs, present in Apocynaceae subfamilies Asclepiadoideae (milkweeds), Secamonoideae, and Periplocoideae and orchids (Orchidaceae), are the pre-eminent example of a plant trait that elevates PTE (to ca. 25%). However comparison of species with pollinia to “average” flowers (PTE ca. 1%) may over-estimate the gains from pollinia. We hypothesize that elevated PTE evolved in Apocynaceae prior to pollinia. We measured PTE and pollen to ovule ratio, a possible correlate of PTE, in Apocynum cannabinum, a milkweed relative with pollen tetrads (instead of pollinia) and simple bands of style head adhesive (instead of complex pollinium-carrying translators), comparing them to reports of other species collated from the literature. PTE of A. cannabinum is 7.9%, in the 24th percentile of reports for 35 milkweed species, but more than twice the highest PTE reported for a species with monads (3.4%). The bands of style head adhesive are functionally equivalent to the translators of milkweeds. The pollen to ovule ratio of A. cannabinum, at 19.8, is in the 94th percentile of ratios reported for milkweeds (mean 9.6). Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that floral novelties of Apocynaceae that evolved prior to pollinia also promote aggregated pollen transport and elevated PTE.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".