Design and Probabilistic Analysis of Mid- and High-rise Wood Buildings Subjected to Earthquake Excitations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mass timber products, such as the glulam or cross laminated timber (CLT), are less frequently used construction materials at present for mid-rise and high-rise buildings. The feasibility and possible advantages of applying timber materials for constructing mid- and high-rise buildings are under investigation. One of the issues that needs to be addressed for the use of heavy timber materials is the safety of such constructions under seismic excitations. To address this issue, the nonlinear inelastic seismic responses and capacity curves of a wood buildings must be assessed. For this, the 10-, 15- and 20-storey buildings are designed using heavy timber structural members considering the requirements stipulated in applicable Canadian design codes and standards. When considering the buildings under unidirectional ground motion, the structural capacity curves along the structural axes in the horizontal plane are identified using well accepted approaches such as the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) and nonlinear static pushover analysis (NSPA). The capacity curve is used as the basis to develop equivalent nonlinear inelastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system. The equivalent SDOF system is then employed for the structural reliability. The results indicate that the estimated reliabilities of the designed timber buildings are similar to those of steel frame structures designed according to Canadian practice. To consider the effect of the bidirectional ground motions on the building responses and their seismic reliability, a procedure is proposed in develop the capacity surface based on the results from the IDA and NSPA. Also, a procedure is proposed to establish equivalent nonlinear inelastic two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) system based on the capacity surface. The use of the equivalent 2DOF system largely simplifies the reliability analysis of the buildings under bidirectional ground motions. The analysis results indicate that the failure probabilities under bidirectional ground motions are about 3 to 8 times greater than those obtained under unidirectional ground motions. Therefore, the consideration of bidirectional ground motions in assessing the reliability of building under seismic ground motions can be important for seismic risk modeling and emergency preparedness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".