N- and C-Modified TiO2 Nanotube Arrays: Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Properties and Effect of Nanotubes Length on Photoconversion Efficiency
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this investigation, a new, facile, low cost and environmental-friendly method was introduced to fabricate N- and C-modified TiO2 nanotube arrays by immersing the as-anodized TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs) in a urea aqueous solution with mechanical agitation for a short time and keeping the TNTAs immersed in the solution for 6 h at room temperature. Then, the TNTAs were annealed at different temperatures. The produced N-, C-modified TNTAs were characterized using FESEM, EDX, XRD, XPS, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra. Modified optical properties with narrow band gap energy, Eg, of 2.65 eV was obtained after annealing the modified TNTAs at 550 °C. Modified TNTAs showed enhanced photoelectochemical performance. Photoconversion efficiency (PCE) was increased from 4.35% for pristine (unmodified) TNTAs to 5.18% for modified TNTAs, an increase of 19%. Effect of nanotubes length of modified TNTAs on photoelectrochemical performance was also studied. Photocurrent density and PCE were increased by increasing nanotube length with a maximum PCE of 6.38% for nanotube length of 55 µm. This high PCE value was attributed to: band gap reduction due to C- and N-modification of TNTAs surface, increased surface area of long TNTAs compared with short TNTAs, investigated in previous studies.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it