American Trade News Highlights for Spring, 2013: The Keystone XL: To Choose Economic Triumph, or Environmental Disaster
Bibliographic record
Abstract
DEPENDENCE on natural resources has been an increasing part of U.S. history over the last century, and with it, reliance on unstable sources of the commodity and unpredictable economic catastrophes.Recently, the United States has sustained its dependence on gas and petroleum products due in part to advances in technology, which have opened access to more reserves of these resources.Today, areas holding natural resources previously thought to be unrecoverable are being exploited regularly, including the coastal shelf, the shale regions, and now, the Canadian oil sands.As Canada sought to develop, transport, and market this massive source, it looked to the United States as its strongest partner in trade and an equally strong consumer of petroleum products.The development of the Keystone XL pipeline is one facet of Canadian oil production, and its approval by the United States may prove to be a facet of the countries' continued harmonious trade arrangement, or its undoing. I. BACKGROUNDA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.051 | 0.015 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".