Geotechnical Properties of Wood Ash‐Based Composite Fine‐Grained Soil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is observed in Bangladesh that there is an extensive use of wood as a solid biomass for heat and electricity production, which led to increase in the amount of combustion residues known as ash. These ashes are discarded and dumped here and there, resulting in pollution of the environment. It could be managed by using wood ash as a stabilizer of soft clay. It is found that there is an enhancement of the engineering properties of existing soil in stabilized forms particularly unconfined compressive strength (UCS), shear strength parameters, workability, and compaction and compressibility characteristics. Therefore, laboratory tests associated with these properties were performed for some selected percentage of wood ash, for example, 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%. Chemical investigation of wood ash depicts that it contains approximately 30% CaO, which directs it to behave like a pozzolanic material. Besides, the test result signifying that the soil could be made lighter with the increase of moisture content, strength, and reduction of compressibility due to the addition of ash content.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".