Infrared spectrum and intermolecular potential energy surface of the CO–O<sub>2</sub> dimer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Only a few weakly-bound complexes containing the O2 molecule have been characterized by high resolution spectroscopy, no doubt due to the complications added by the oxygen molecule's unpaired electron spin. Here we report an extensive infrared spectrum of CO-O2, observed in the CO fundamental band region using a tunable quantum cascade laser to probe a pulsed supersonic jet expansion. The rotational energy level pattern derived from the spectrum consists of stacks of levels characterized by the total angular momentum, J, and its projection on the intermolecular axis, K. Five such stacks are observed in the ground vibrational state, and ten in the excited state (ν(CO) = 1). They are divided into two groups, with no observed transitions between groups. The groups correspond to different projections of the O2 electron spin, and correlate with the two lowest fine structure states of O2, (N, J) = (1, 0) and (1, 2). The rotational constant of the lowest K = 0 stack implies an effective intermolecular separation of 3.82 Å, but this should be interpreted with caution since it ignores possible effects of electron spin. A new high-level 4-dimensional potential energy surface is developed for CO-O2, and rotational energy levels are calculated for this surface, ignoring electron spin. By comparing calculated and observed levels, it is possible to assign detailed quantum labels to the observed level stacks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".