An Improved Nonlocal History-Dependent Model for Gain and Noise in Avalanche Photodiodes Based on Energy Balance Equation
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a nonlocal history-dependent model for impact ionization gain and noise in avalanche photodiodes (APDs) especially suited for staircase APDs. The model uses a simple energy balance equation to define effective electric fields valid also in the presence of band discontinuities which are then used to express the ionization coefficients. The model parameters have been calibrated against literature data for gain and noise in GaAs and Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> As (x = 0.2, 0.6, 0.8) p-i-n diodes. Application to the experimental data for gain and noise in heterojunction and staircase separate absorption and multiplication APDs is reported to demonstrate the ability of the model in describing complex APD structures. It is found that, in spite of conduction band discontinuities being much larger than valence band ones, hole impact ionization contributes a significant degradation of the noise metrics in GaAs/AlGaAs staircase APDs. These nontrivial insights demonstrate the usefulness of the model to steer device design and optimization.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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