Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Maize Roots and Quantitative Analysis of Metaxylem Vessels based on X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Roots play an essential role in the acquisition of water and nutrients from soils in higher plants. Root anatomical traits have significant effects on root functions, including water transportation within the root system. Traits such as the size of xylem vessels influence axial water flow by controlling water conductance directly. Currently, two-dimensional microscopic images are often used to acquire root anatomical features; however, three-dimensional (3-D) anatomical analysis, which offers information of spatial distribution and connection relationships throughout root tissues, is hardly reported. We performed 3-D reconstruction and visualization of maize (Zea mays L.) root tissues based on X-ray micro-computed tomography and developed an image processing workflow for 3-D segmentation of metaxylem vessels. Three-dimensional quantitative analysis of metaxylem vessels from the first to the sixth whorl of maize crown roots was performed according to this procedure. The performance of this procedudure, based on accuracy validation, indicated that it was capable of making accurate analysis of root metaxylem vessel traits.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".