Messianism and the Third Kingdom: Intimations of the Twentieth Century in Ibsen’s <i>An Enemy of the People</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: In his own estimation, Emperor and Galilean (1873) was Ibsen’s major work, the one play most important to him. Yet it was right after the completion of this ten-act two-play cycle that he turned away from epic-style Romantic plays and began writing his more famous realist dramas. This article argues that the central theme of Emperor and Galilean, the dawning of a new age, was picked up again in his 1882 play An Enemy of the People. But whereas the historical material of the earlier play guaranteed the protagonist Julian’s defeat, in An Enemy of the People Ibsen has consciously created a messiah-like figure, in Dr. Thomas Stockmann, to succeed where Julian had failed. In fact, in his relentless pursuit of the Millennium, and his single-minded fanaticism and unrestrained desire to cleanse the world of “parasites,” Stockmann bears an uncanny resemblance to the messianic figures of the twentieth century, most notably Hitler.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".