Density and diversity: Considering the impacts of mixed-use development on the retail culture of Vancouver’s Main Street
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the past decade retail gentrification, or commercial gentrification, has begun to receive more attention from academics and policymakers as commercial real estate in cities like New York, San Francisco, and Vancouver experience significant transformation through redevelopment and speculation. This has resulted in increases in commercial property values and lease rates, displacement of independent small businesses, increases in chronic vacancies and the proliferation of chain stores, or formula business. This trend has been coined “hypergentrification” or “supergentrification” and has resulted in residents and businesses organizing in affected cities and communities to retain independent small retailers as symbols of local culture and neighbourhood identity; with local governments employing various policy responses to mitigate these concerns. The research examines how real estate development on Main Street between 2007 and 2016 is influencing retail mix there, with a particular focus on the presence of chain stores and independent small businesses in relation to development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".