Neural networks modelling of stream nitrogen using remote sensing information: model development and application
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In remotely located forest watersheds, monitoring nitrogen (N) in streams often is not feasible because of the high costs and site inaccessibility. Therefore, modelling tools that can predict N in unmonitored watersheds are urgently needed to support management decisions for these watersheds. Recently, remote sensing (RS) has become a cost-efficient way to evaluate watershed characteristics and obtain model input variables. This study was to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) modelling tool relying solely on public domain climate data and satellite data without ground-based measurements. ANN was successfully applied to simulate N compositions in streams at studied watersheds by using easily accessible input variables, relevant time-lagged inputs and inputs reflecting seasonal cycles. This study was the first effort to take the consideration of vegetation dynamics into N modelling by using RS-derived enhanced vegetation index (EVI) that was capable of describing the differences of vegetation canopy and vegetation dynamics among watersheds. As a further study to demonstrate the applicability of the ANN models to unmonitored watersheds, the calibrated ANN models were used to predict N in other different watersheds (unmonitored watersheds in this perspective) without further calibration. A watershed similarity index was found to show high correlation with the transferability of the models and can potentially guide transferring the trained models into similar unmonitored watersheds. Finally, a framework to incorporate water quantity/quality modelling into forestry management was proposed to demonstrate the application of the developed models to support decision making. The major components of the framework include watershed delineation and classification, database and model development, and scenario-based analysis. The results of scenario analysis can be used to translate vegetation cut into values of EVI that can be fed to the models to predict changes in water quality (e.g. N) in response to harvesting scenarios. The results from this research demonstrated the applicability of ANNs for stream N modelling using easily accessible data, the effectiveness of RS-derived EVI in N model construction, and the transferability of the ANN models. The presented models have high potential to be used to predict N in streams in the real-world and serve forestry management.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it