"Half-Baby, Half-Man": The Creation of Official Freshman Programming in U.S. Higher Education, 1905-1930.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although the word "freshman" has been around for centuries, the idea of the freshman as someone who is in need of special care and services in college or university is much newer.While much research has been done on the effectiveness of first-year student programming, little has been published about the origins and evolution of the concept of caring for the freshman through programming in American higher education.While a few scattered services were developed in the late 1800s, my research points to Harvard President Albert Laurence Lowell's 1909 inaugural address as inspiring a national conversation about the need to care for freshmen.Data regarding the proliferation of new programs and structure devoted to freshmen from 1905 until 1930, the justifications institutions provided for allocating resources for freshmen, and the identification of forces that drove the development of such programs provide a historical picture that lays the foundation for current first-year student programming practices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".